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2019年12月11日

云何名澡浴,而能不用水?*


  過往矢島道彦*1等學者在研究Utt. 12 Hariesijja時總將其與摩登伽本生(Mātaṅga-jātaka)連結,但是在比對經文敘事內容卻可發現該經似乎更貼近SN 7.9 孫陀利迦經(Sundarikasutta)。

Utt. 12:黃髮阿威(hariesa-bala)在乞食的途中遇上了祀火婆羅門,被婆羅門嘲諷是不值得供養者,阿威在對婆羅門開示之後宣稱自己是「會產出福德的田地(ārāhae puṇṇam iṇaṃ khu khittaṃ)」;
SN 7.9:祀火婆羅門在結束火祭之後想分送供品,遇到了剛剃完頭沒多久的世尊,世尊對其開示之後也喊出「我即是福田*2(khettañhi taṃ puññapekkhassa hoti)」;

Utt. 12:對於祀火的真義,阿威是這麼與婆羅門對答:
婆羅門啊!(你們)為何祀火、以水尋求外在的清淨?
如賢者所說,那外在的清淨之道不是清淨的。(38)
(婆羅門問:)何者是你的(聖)火或火爐?何者是你的杓子或風箱?
比丘啊!你的燃料為何?你將為(聖)火獻供什麼?(43)
(阿威答:)苦行*3是(聖)火、生命為火爐、精進是杓子、身體為風箱;
業是燃料。自制、精進、寂靜(saṃjama-joga-santi)為聖仙所盛讚的獻供。(44)*4
SN 7.9:對於祀火的真義,世尊是這麼對婆羅門開示:
婆羅門!當燒柴時,不要想這外部確實是清淨的,
因為賢者說,想從外部遍清淨者是非清淨的。
婆羅門!捨斷柴的燃燒後,我點燃自身內的火,
經常注意火、經常得定的狀態,婆羅門!我是行梵行的阿羅漢。
婆羅門!慢確實是你的擔子,憤怒是煙,妄語是灰,
舌頭是祭祀用的杓子,心是祭祀用的火爐,善調御的自我是男子的火。*5

Utt. 12:阿威與婆羅門透過問答來提出「洗澡不用洗澡水」:
法為浴池,梵(行)是寂靜處,不濁的,澄淨自己;
因此我沐浴、除垢、清淨、冷靜、除去過失。(46)*6
SN 7.9:世尊不問自答的提出「洗澡不用洗澡水」:
婆羅門!法為湖,戒為渡處,不濁的,善人對善人讚美,
在那裡,明智者沐浴,肢體不濕而渡彼岸。*7*8

  結語處SN 7.9提及透過真理(sacca)、法(dhamma)*9、自制(saṃyama)、梵行(brahmacariya)來達至梵(brahmapatti),這部分其實也呼應Utt. 12所提「自制、精進、寂靜(saṃjama-joga-santi)」、「法為浴池,梵(行)是寂靜處」,透過大聖仙們(mahārisī)所讚揚的大沐浴(mahāsiṇāṇa),行者一樣可達最勝住處(uttamaṃ ṭhāṇaṃ patta)。
  由佛/耆二教的經典比對,似乎可推測這些敘事內容近似的教理可能源自更古老的沙門傳統,在佛/耆二教成立之後仍被彼此所接受與傳承下來。
--
*: 《別雜》246經
*1: 矢島 道彦, "A comparative study of the Mātaṅga-jātaka and its Jaina version," 鶴見大学仏教文化研究所紀要 通号 12 (2007), pp. 1-57.
*2: 《別雜》99經
*3: 由經典前後文來看,Utt. 12所提及的苦行看起來皆非無端無理的苦行,甚至是更接近「善自調伏/自調順(attā sudanto)」的行為
*4: kiṃ māhaṇā joisamārabhantā | udaeṇa sohiṃ bahiyā vimaggaha /
jaṃ maggahā bāhiriyaṃ visohiṃ | na taṃ suiṭhaṃ kusalā vayanti ||38||
ke te joī ke va te joiṭhāṇe | kā te suyā kiṃ va te kārisaṃgaṃ /
ehā ya te kayarā santi bhikkhū | kayareṇa homeṇa huṇāsi joiṃ ||43||
tavo joī jīvo joiṭhāṇaṃ | jogā suyā sarīraṃ kārisaṃgaṃ /
kammehā saṃjamajogasantī | homaṃ huṇāmi isiṇaṃ pasatthaṃ ||44||
*5: Mā brāhmaṇa dāru samādahāno, suddhiṃ amaññi bahiddhā hi etaṃ.
Na hi tena suddhiṃ kusalā vadanti, yo bāhirena parisuddhimicche.
Hitvā ahaṃ brāhmaṇa dārudāhaṃ, ajjhattamevujjalayāmi jotiṃ.
Niccagginī niccasamāhitatto, arahaṃ ahaṃ brahmacariyaṃ carāmi.
Māno hi te brāhmaṇa khāribhāro, kodho dhumo bhasmani mosavajjaṃ.
Jivhā sujā hadayaṃ jotiṭhānaṃ, attā sudanto purisassa joti.
*6: dhamme harae bambhe santititthe | aṇāvile attapasannalese /
jahiṃ siṇāo vimalo visuddho | susīibhūo pajahāmi dosaṃ ||46||
*7: Dhammo rahado brāhmaṇa sīlatittho, anāvilo sabbhi sataṃ pasattho.
Yattha have vedaguno sinātā, anallagattāva taranti pāraṃ.
*8: cf. 《別雜》99經:
以法用為池,瞿曇真濟渡,清潔之淨水,善丈夫所貴。
諸能洗浴者,毘陀功德人,身體不污濕,得度于彼岸。
*9: 此處《別雜》99經與《雜》1184經分別作「調諸根」、「善調御」,不知是否有譯自「danto」的可能

2013年3月26日

耆那教版火宅喻!?




猶如宅出火,家主盡所能,
但取其珍寶,非精髄不取。
如是此世間,老與死火燒,
我將自度脫,願准我請求。

jahā gehe palittammi*1 | tassa gehassa jo pahū /
sārabhaṇḍāṇi nīṇei | asāraṃ avaijjhai ||
evaṃ loe palittammi | jarāe maraṇeṇa ya /
appāṇaṃ tāraissāmi | tubbhehiṃ aṇumannio || (Uttarajjhāyā 19: 22-3)

*1: Hermann Jacobi譯作As when a house is on fire.
--

三界無安,猶如火宅,眾苦充滿,甚可怖畏。
常有生老、病死憂患,如是等火,熾然不息。(《妙法蓮華經》卷二)

traidhātukaṃ co yatha tanniveśanaṃ subhairavaṃ duḥkhaśatābhikīrṇam /
aśeṣataḥ prajvalitaṃ samantājjātījarāvyādhiśatairanekaiḥ //
(Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra 3.86)
--

感謝Yifer學長協助找出《阿含》所對應的段落:

   This passage is much closer to Jainism's passage.

  《別譯雜阿含87經》卷5:「譬如失火家,  焚燒於屋宅,
 宜急出財寶,  以置無火處。
 生老病死火,  焚燒於眾生,
 [22]宜應修惠施,  賑[23]眾於貧窮。
」(CBETA, T02, no. 100, p. 403, c24-28)
[22]宜=可【宋】【元】【明】。[23]眾=濟【宋】【元】【明】。


確實此處《別雜》的陳述跟耆那教偈頌更為接近,查了一下相對應的還有AN 3.52 Dutiyadvebrāhmaṇasuttaṃ

'‘Ādittasmiṃ agārasmiṃ, yaṃ nīharati bhājanaṃ;
Taṃ tassa hoti atthāya, no ca yaṃ tattha ḍayhati.

‘‘Evaṃ āditto kho loko, jarāya maraṇena ca;
Nīharetheva dānena, dinnaṃ hoti sunīhataṃ.

而菩提比丘的《增支部》英譯註釋中又提及可於SN 1.41 Ādittasuttaṃ發現相對應段落;

‘‘Ādittasmiṃ agārasmiṃ, yaṃ nīharati bhājanaṃ;
Taṃ tassa hoti atthāya, no ca yaṃ tattha ḍayhati.

‘‘Evaṃ ādittako loko, jarāya maraṇena ca;
Nīharetheva dānena, dinnaṃ hoti sunīhataṃ.

2012年11月20日

不更受有 / 不受後有



不更受有 / MĀ 19
nāparaṃ itthattāyā / MN 101


*名色會精耶 / MĀ 97
*nu kho nāmarūpaṃ itthattāya abhinibbattissathā / DN 15


*生此為人 / MĀ 154
*來生此間 / DĀ 5
*itthattaṃ āgacchanti / DN 27


*不來此間 / MĀ 212
*āgantāro itthattaṃ / MN 90

不更受有……解脫當來有 / MĀ 120
nāparaṃ itthattāyā……vippamuttā punabbhavā / SN 22.76

不更受有 / MĀ 204
natthi dāni punabbhavo / MN 26



自知不受後有 / SĀ 1
nāparaṃ itthattāyā / SN 22.12

不受後有 / 別SĀ 356
不受後有故 / SĀ 1336
natthi dāni punabbhavo / SN 9.6



apunar bhavāya / Udānavarga 31.34

--


渡過如海般的大存有之洋(mahābhavogha),Samuddapāla不再來(apuṇāgama)。
tarittā samuddaṃ va mahābhavoghaṃ | samuddapāle apuṇāgamaṃ gae ||(Utt. 21:24)


當停止與業有關的一切波動(vṛtti),這就是滅盡(saṃkṣaya)一切的業,並且將不再進入輪迴(apunarbhāvarūpa)。
anyasaṃyogavṛttīnām yo nirodhas tathā tathā /
apunarbhāvarūpeṇa sa tu tatsaṃkṣayo mataḥ //(Yogabindu 366 / Haribhadra Sūri)

Isibhāsiyāiṃ則有「不後有(apuṇabbhava)」、「不流轉(apuṇar-āvatta)」。

2012年1月20日

烏龜的譬喻




duddante indie panca | rāga-dosa-paraṃgame /
kummo viva saṇangāiṃ | sae dehammi sāhare ||2||(Isibhāsiyāiṃ 16)

As a tortoise, when apprehensive withdraws itself into its shell,
so does an ascetic his senses to protect himself from attraction, aversion.

jahā kumme saaṅgāiṃ | sae dehe samāhare /
evaṃ pāvāiṃ mehāvī | ajjhappeṇa samāhare ||16||
sāhare hatthapāe ya | maṇaṃ pañcindiyāṇi ya /
pāvagaṃ ca parīṇāmaṃ | bhāsādosaṃ ca tārisaṃ ||17||(Sūyagaḍa 8)

As a tortoise draws its limbs into its own body,
so a wise man should cover, as it were, his sins with his own meditation. (16)
He should draw in, as it were, his hands and feet, his mind and five organs of sense,
the effect of his bad Karman, and every bad use of language. (17)(tr. by Hermann Jacobi)

--

Kummo aṅgāni sake kapāle,Samodahaṃ bhikkhu manovitakke;
Anissito aññamaheṭhayāno,Parinibbuto nūpavadeyya kañci.(Saṃyutta Nikāya 35.240)

龜蟲畏野干,藏六於殼內,
比丘善攝心,密藏諸覺想,
不依不怖彼,覆心勿言說。(《雜阿含》1167經)

--

yadā saṃharate cāyaṃ kūrmo 'ṅgānīva sarvaśaḥ |
indriyāṇīndriyārthebhyas tasya prajñā pratiṣṭhitā ||(Bhagavad Gītā 2.58)

A man's mind is steady, when he withdraws his senses from (all) objects of sense,
as the tortoise (withdraws) its limbs from all sides.

2012年1月5日

抖落殘餘之業




人身難得今已得,佛法難聞今已信;
苦行精勤戮力修,制御抖落諸微塵。
māṇusattaṃmi āyāo | jo dhammaṃ socca saddahe /
tavassī vīriyaṃ laddhuṃ | saṃvuḍe niddhuṇe rayaṃ ||( Uttarajjhāyā 3.11)

苦行抖落殘餘業,世間最勝成就者。
tavasā dhuyakammaṃse | siddhe havai sāsae ||( Uttarajjhāyā 3.20)

掃除前造(業)塵,瞿曇不放逸。
vihuṇāhi rayaṃ pure kaḍaṃ | samayaṃ goyama mā pamāyae || ( Uttarajjhāyā 10.3)

智者精勤戮力行,根除存在宿世業;
抖落先前造作業,如是不再造新業。
paṇḍie vīriyaṃ laddhuṃ | nigghāyāya pavattagaṃ /
dhuṇe puvvakaḍaṃ kammaṃ | navaṃ vā vi na kuvvaī ||22||(Sūyagaḍa 15.22)

--

勿貪於欲樂,坌污已淨心,
如鳥為塵坌,奮翮振塵穢。(《別譯雜阿含》353經)

如釋君馳象,奮迅去塵穢,
比丘於自身,正念除塵垢。(《雜阿含》1333經)

如同佈滿微塵的鳥,振落身上的塵土,
比丘勤奮正念,振落了依附身上的塵土。
Sakuṇo yathā paṃsukunthito, vidhunaṃ pātayati sitaṃ rajaṃ.
Evaṃ bhikkhu padhānavā satimā, vidhunaṃ pātayati sitaṃ rajan.(SN 9.1)

一切業盡之比丘,抖落先前造作塵。
Sabbakammajahassa bhikkhuno,
Dhunamānassa pure kataṃ rajaṃ;( Udāna 3.1)